The fridge is considered necessary. It has been so since the 1960s when packaged food list appeared with the label: "Store in the refrigerator."
In my fridgeless fifties childhood, 1 was fed well and healthy. The milkman came every day, the grocer, the butcher (肉商), the baker, and the ice-cream man delivered two or three times each week. The Sunday meat would last until Wednesday and surplus(剩余) bread and milk became all kinds of cakes. Nothing was wasted, and we were never troubled by rotten food. Thirty years on food deliveries have ceased, fresh vegetables are almost unobtainable in the country.
The invention of the fridge contributed comparatively little to the art of food preservation. Many well-tried techniques already existed -- natural cooling, drying, smoking, salting, sugaring, bottling...
What refrigeration did promote was marketing --- marketing hardware and electricity, marketing soft drinks, marketing dead bodies of animals around the world in search of a good price.
So most of the world's fridges are to be found, not in the tropics where they might prove useful, but in the rich countries with mild temperatures where they are climatically almost unnecessary. Every winter, millions of fridges hum away continuously, and at vast expense, busily maintaining an artificially-cooled space inside an artificially-heated house -- while outside, nature provides the desired temperature free of charge.
The fridge's effect upon the environment has been evident, while its contribution to human happiness has been not important. If you don't believe me, try it yourself, invest in a food cabinet and mm off your fridge next winter. You may not eat the hamburgers, but at least you'll get rid of that terrible hum.
The statement "In my fridgeless fifties childhood, I was fed well and healthily." suggests that
A．the author was well-fed and healthy even without a fridge in his fifties.
B．the author was not accustomed to fridges even in his fifties.
C．there was no fridge in the author's home in the 1950s.
D．the fridge was in its early stage of development in the 1950s.
In the United States, men and women shake hands when they meet. Greetings are often casual such as a handshake, a smile and a “hello.” The British say
“hello” when they meet friends. They usually shake hands when they meet for the first time. Social kissing or a kiss on the cheek is common between men and
women and between women who know each other very well.
The Hebrew greeting is “shalom.” The French greeting is “bonjour.” The Spanish greeting in “hola” and the Zulu say “sawubona” when greeting friends.
In New Zealand people are often greeted by the Maori leaders with the traditional “Hongi” by rubbing noses.
When a younger person says hello to an older person in the Philippines, the younger person will bow and hold the right hand of the older person and press the
knuckles against their forehead. When the knuckles are touching the forehead they say “Mano”(means hand) and “Po”(means respect.)
In Japan the common greeting for men and women is to bow when they meet someone. The deeper the bow, the greater level of respect in shown.
In Arab countries, close male friends or colleagues hug and kiss both cheeks. They shake hands with the right hand only, longer but less firmly than in the
western world. Contact and hand shaking between men and women in public is considered rude.
Hungarians use the friendly greeting of kissing each other on the cheeks. The most common way to kiss is from your right to your left. When men meet for the
first time they give a firm handshake.
In Belgium people kiss on one cheek when they meet.
The Chinese when meeting someone for the first time usually nod their head and smile or shake hands if in a formal business situation.
In Russia a typical greeting is a very firm handshake while maintaining direct eye contact. When men shake hands with women, the handshake is less intense.
Men may also kiss a woman three times on alternating cheeks.
In Albania, men shake hands when greeting one another. Depending on how well the men know each other, a kiss on each cheek may be common as well. When a man
meets a female relative, a kiss on each cheek or two kisses per cheek is common. With friends or colleagues normally a light handshake is appropriate. Women
may shake hands or kiss each other on both cheeks.
In Armenia, a woman needs to wait for the man to offer his hand for the handshake. Between good friends and family members, a kiss on the cheek and a light
hug are also common.
Always remember you are a guest in another country. Please show respect for their customs and culture.
Decide whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F) according to the passage
1.In Britain, they usually kiss on the cheek between men and women when they first meet.
2.The Spanish greeting is “hola” and the Zulu say “sawubona” when greeting friends.
3.The common greeting for men and women is to bow to each other in both Philippines and Japan.
4.In Russia, a typical greeting is a very firm handshake without direct eye contact.
5.In Armenia, a woman needs to wait for the man to offer his hand for the handshake
听力原文：Katarina: So, Jatinder and Ali, how did you deal with culture shock when you first came here to study？
Jatinder: Well, Katarina, when I first arrived in the UK, I was just so excited to be living in a foreign country: away from my parents ... that I just didn't really notice anything at first. How about you, Ali？
Ali: Yeah. Same here. That's quite typical, isn't it？ Everything seems new and fascinating. But, after this initial enthusiasm wears off, all the new experiences may begin to overwhelm you. Things that you found exciting at first may now seem strange and a little frightening. Even minor differences, such as being unable to buy your usual brands of various products, can add to the sense of strangeness.
Jatinder: Yes. That's right. Then you may start to experience sudden mood changes and strong reactions, feeling lost, disoriented, and even irritated and resentful. Most of all, you may wish you were back among the familiar people and places at home. All international students can experience culture shock in some form. ... even those coming from countries with very similar lifestyles to those in the UK. It is important to understand that this reaction is entirely normal and that it will pass.
Katarina: OK. So what suggestions do you have for me？
Ali: Well, I made sure that I arrived early. I got here about ten days, yeah, ten days before most of the other students, so that I could settle in before things got busy. Many universities run special induction programmes for international students in the week before term begins. A typical induction programme provides a tour of the college or university, an overview of its facilities and how to use them, help with registering for your academic programme, and social events where you can meet other students and staff. This can help you to start to get used to your new environment.
Katarina: Yeah, I heard about those ... but too late unfortunately. Jatinder, did you go on an induction course like Ali？
Jatinder: No. I wish I had, but my parents wouldn't let me go a day sooner than absolutely necessary. It was very annoying.
Ali: Every university has counsellors who can give you practical advice on adjusting to your new environment. These people have special training in offering advice and support, and they understand the challenges you face. They can listen to you sympathetically, offer practical suggestions, and refer you to other professionals if necessary. Your personal tutor and the staff in the international office of your college or university can also be helpful.
Jatinder: Have you heard about the 'buddy' or mentoring system？ Students who have been at the university or college for a longer period give advice to new arrivals, and are available for help and guidance throughout the year. There is information on schemes such as these at the students' union or the international student association will help you become involved. I used the system when I arrived and found it really opened some doors socially: you know, I got to meet lots of people, like Ali, right？
Ali: Right! Katarina, I think that it's also important to keep in touch with home. Use the telephone, e-mail and conventional mail to keep in contact with your friends and family at home. In larger towns or cities with large international communities, like this one, you may be able to find people from your country. Spend some time with them. Many international students find that it helps to make contact with people from a similar background because they understand what you are going through. Spending time with people from your country can also be a relaxing break from the 'strangeness' of the UK. You can speak your own language, eat your own foods and talk about what is going on back home.
Jatinder: Yes. and don't forget that the university has a variety of cultural societies, as well as an active international students' association: ask at the student union. They may also have inform
