Several factors of culture influence the meaings and usage of idioms, including geography, agriculture, literature and art, history, religion, social customs and so on.()

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• [1] Humor is a phenomenon which is influenced by culture. It can be difficult to determine what aspects define a certain sense of humor. A nation’s wit is linked to the historical development of the country. How funny somebody finds a certain incident depends on many factors including age, personal experience, level of education and geographical location. Therefore humor is something which is not always transferable in another country.

  [2] What somebody from one area may find hilarious may not be amusing at all to somebody from another location. Whether or not someone gets a joke is determined by their interpretation, filtered by the cultural context. [3] What about when both countries speak the same mother tongue？ Does that mean that they will then share the same sense of humor, or can differences still occur？ Let’s take the example of Britain and America. Not only do Americans and Brits spell the word “humor” differently, most claim that American humor and British humor are quite different in nature. Time and time again, people say that Brits and Americans don’t “get” each other’s sense of humor. To what extent is this true, if at all？ [4] There’s a received wisdom in the U.K. that Americans don’t get irony. It is often believed to be one of the most common differences between the British and American sense of humor. This is of course not true. One of the major differences seems to be how often both countries use irony. Brits use irony on a daily basis. We use it as liberally as prepositions in every day speech. We tease our friends. We use sarcasm as a shield and a weapon. We avoid sincerity until it’s absolutely necessary. We mercilessly take the piss out of people we like or dislike basically. And ourselves. This is very important. Our brashness and swagger is laden with equal portions of self-deprecation. This is our license to hand it out. [5] But it is not the foundation of American humor. I think Americans understand British irony (most of the time anyway!); what they don’t understand is the need to use it so frequently. When Americans use irony they tend to state that they were “only kidding”. They feel the need to make a joke more obvious than Brits do, maybe this stems from a fear of offending people. [6] The American sense of humor is generally more slapstick than that in Britain. I think this arises from a cultural difference between the two. Their jokes are more obvious and forward, a bit like Americans themselves. British jokes, on the other hand, tend to be more subtle but with a dark or sarcastic undertone. There is usually a hidden meaning. This may stem from the fact that British culture is more reserved than American culture. [7] Americans say, “Have a nice day” whether they mean it or not. Brits are terrified to say this. We tell ourselves it’s because we don’t want to sound insincere, but I think it might be for the opposite reason. We don’t want to celebrate anything too soon. Failure and disappointment lurk around every corner. This is due to our upbringing. Americans are brought up to believe they can be the next president of the United States. Brits are told, “It won’t happen for you.” [8] Yet certain American comedies have gained huge success in Britain and vice versa. Therefore, although there are differences between both comic styles, there is still an appreciation and understanding of the other sense of humor. Both the British and American versions of the comedy The Office are hugely successfully on both sides of the Atlantic. Both shows have their own cultural differences, yet they portray a lifestyle. which both Americans and Brits alike can relate to. Although both nations have subtle differences in their wit, they can appreciate the other’s sense of humor. 46、According to this passage, all of the following factors influence how funny a person finds a certain incident except __________. A.age B.gender C.personal experience D.level of education 47、What is the main idea of the third paragraph？() A.In this paragraph, the question whether Brits and Americans share the same sense of humor or not is put forward. B.In this paragraph, the author emphasizes that Brits and Americans don’t understand each other’s sense of humor. C.In this paragraph, the author emphasizes that American humor and British humor are quite different in nature. D.In this paragraph, the question that to what extent American humor is different from British humor is put forward. 48、What is the topic sentence of the fourth paragraph？() A.The first sentence. B.The fourth sentence. C.The fifth sentence. D.The second sentence. 49、According to the fourth paragraph, the difference between American humor and British humor lies in the use of ___________. A.joke B.sarcasm C.irony D.metaphor 50、Why are British jokes more subtle than American jokes？() A.Because Brits are more straightforward. B.Because Brits are more slapstick. C.Because Brits are more open. D.Because British culture is more reserved than American culture.

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• Britain is not just one country and one people, even if some of its inhabitants think so.Britain is, in fact, a nation which can be divided into several separate parts, each part being an individual country with its own language, character and cultural traditions.Thus Scotland, Northern Ireland, Wales (and even Cornwall perhaps) do not claim to belong to “England” because their inhabitants are not strictly “English”.They are Scottish, Irish, Welsh (or Cornish) and many of them prefer to speak their own native tongue which in turn is incomprehensible(不可理解的) to the others.

  These cultural minorities have been Britain's original inhabitants.In varying degrees they have managed to preserve their national identity, their particular customs and way of life.This is probably even more true of the remoter areas where traditional life has not been so affected by the growth of industrialism(工业化) as the border areas have been.The Celtic (凯尔特人) races are said to be more emotional by nature than the English. An Irish temper is legendary.The Scots would rather forget about their reputation for excessive thrift (节俭) and prefer to be remembered for their ballads and dances, while the Welsh are famous for their singing.The Celtic temperament as a whole produces numerous writers and artists, such as the Irish Bernard Shaw, the Scottish Robert Burns, and Welsh Dylan Thomas, to mention but a few. 36.Some British people regard Britain as(). A.a single, unified country C.a wholly Celtic country B.a country of foreign cultures D.an individualistic unit 37.“Their own native tongue” means(). A.the language of a foreign country B.the language of their own country C.the British way of speaking D.a secret language 38.“A cultural minority” could be described as(). A.educated people who are few in number B.people of the same race who are small in stature (身材) C.members of ethic groups under the age of 12 D.small ethnic groups 39.According to the passage some cultural minorities have(). A.lost their individual character centuries ago B.retained their individual character C.lost count of their numbers D.managed to preserve their English character 40.What may be one of the probable reasons for preservation of traditional life？ () A.Ethnic custom B.A specialized life style C.The growth of industrialism D.Geographical isolation

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• The founders of the Chicago school of sociology, Robert Park and Ernest Burgess, attempted to develop a dynamic model of the city, one that would account not only for the expansion of cities in terms of population and territory but also for the patterns of settlement and land use within cities. They identified several factors that influence the physical form. of cities. As Park stated, among them are "transportation and communication, tramways and telephones, newspapers and advertising, steel construction and elevators—all things, in fact, which tend to bring about at once a greater mobility and a greater concentration of the urban populations."

  Paragraph 3 indicates that all of the following are true of "natural areas" as conceived by Park and Burgess EXCEPT: A．Use of the land in natural areas follows a consistent pattern but is generally unplanned. B．People living in natural areas tend to have much in common. C．Natural areas are usually protected from "invasion" by people in other areas. D．Natural areas are an important basic component of the model Park and Burgess developed.

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