Rapid growth of industries was headed by a collection of colorful and energetic tycoons who were know as “captains of industries” or “robber barons”. The following are the examples except for（）

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• The technical innovations which started in the 18th century and produced new tools and rapid development in industry and commerce finally led to _______.

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• Alibaba achieved its revenue growth of 35% year over－year as a result of solid performance of its domestic retail businesses as well as robust cloud computing revenue growth.（)

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• Which of the following is NOT an effect of intra-industry trade, if the concerned industry is monopolistically competitive？

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• What is the author's attitude toward the rapid development of technology？

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• A few spots of turbocharger can be caused by ①crash stop of engine; ②rapid increased of engine speed.

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• Which of the following the rapid growth and urbanization of emerging economies may NOT directly or indirectly lead to ？

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• After World War Ⅱ the glorification of an ever-larger GNP formed the basis of a new materialism, which became a sacred obligation for all Japanese governments, businesses and trade unions. Anyone who mentioned the undesirable by-products of rapid economic growth was treated as a heretic. Consequently, everything possible was done to make conditions easy for the manufacturers. Few dared question the wisdom of discharging untreated waste into the nearest water body or untreated smoke into the atmosphere. This silence was maintained by union leaders as well as by most of the country's radicals; except for a few isolated voices, no one protested. An insistence on treatment of the various effluents would have necessitated expenditures on treatment equipment that in turn would have given rise to higher operating costs. Obviously, this would have meant higher prices for Japanese goods, and ultimately fewer sales and lower industrial growth and GNP.

  The pursuit of nothing but economic growth is illustrated by the response of the Japanese government to the American educational mission that visited Japan in 1947. After surveying Japan's educational program, the Americans suggested that the Japanese fill in their curriculum gap by creating departments in chemical and sanitary engineering. Immediately, chemical engineering departments were established in all the country's universities and technical institutions. In contrast, the recommendation to form. sanitary engineering departments was more or less ignored, because they could bring no profit. By 1960, only two second-rate universities, Kyoto and Hokkaido, were interested enough to open such departments. The reluctance to divert funds from production to conservation is explanation enough for a certain degree of pollution, but the situation was made worse by the type of technology the Japanese chose to adopt for their industrial expansion. For the most part, they simply copied American industrial methods. This meant that methods originally designed for use in a country that stretched from the Atlantic to the Pacific with lots of air and water to use as sewage receptacles were adopted for an area a fraction of the size. Moreover, the Japanese diet was much more dependent on water as a source of fish and as an input in the irrigation of rice; consequently discharged wastes built up much more rapidly, in the food chain. Notes: heretic 异教徒。sanitary 卫生的。for the most part 基本上。receptacle 储存地。 According to the text, no measures were resorted to in environmental protection after World War Ⅱ in Japan because _____. A．they were reckoned to be unnecessary. B．they would check economic development. C．no one was much interested in them. D．pollution was held as inevitable at that time.

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• Passage Four：Questions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage.We can see how the product life cycle works by looking at the introduction of instant coffee. When it was introduced, most people did not like it as well as “regular” coffee, and it took several years to gain general acceptance (introduction stage). At one point, though, instant coffee grew rapidly in popularity, and many brands were introduced (stage of rapid growth). After a while, people became attached to one brand and sales leveled off (stage of maturity). Sales went into a slight decline (衰退) when freeze-dried coffees were introduced (stage of decline).

  The importance of the product life cycle to marketers is this: Different stages in the product life cycle call for different strategies. The goal is to extend product life so that sales and profits do not decline. One strategy is called market modification. It means that marketing managers look for new users and market sections. Did you know, for example, that the backpacks that so many students carry today were originally designed for the military？ Market modification also means searching for increased usage among present customers or going for a different market, such as senior citizens. A marketer may re-position the product to appeal to new market sections. Another product extension strategy is called product modification. It involves changing product quality, features, or style. to attract new users or more usage from present users. American auto manufacturers are using quality improvement as one way to recapture world markets. Note, also, how auto manufacturers once changed styles dramatically from year to year to keep demand from falling. 第26题：According to the passage, when people grow fond of one particular brand of a product, its sales will ________. A) decrease gradually B) remain at the same level C) become unstable D) improve enormously

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• The 'true enemies of science, argues Paul Ehrllch of Stanford University, a pioneer of environmental studies, are those who question the evidence supporting global warming, the depletion of the ozone layer and other consequences of industrial growth.(英译中)

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• From the list below choose the most suitable title for the whole of the Reading Passage. Write the appropriate letter A-D in box 27 on your answer sheet. A Pollution control in coal mining B The greenhouse effect C The coal industry and the environment D Sustainable population growth

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• American’s rapid industrial progress has been （） its readiness to adopt new thoughts and interchange information.

  A．due to B．because C．reason for D．since

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• For a venture, what is the merit of setting a rapid growth rate（）

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• An opportunity cost of economic growth is （）

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