<span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">When you go to university to study for a degree, you have decided to study professionally, rather than as an amateur; so being a student is now your profession for at least the next four years.</span>
<span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">This involves a change of attitude in many ways. Although the process has been going on since you went to middle school, the biggest change is going to take place. Now, instead of taking several subjects, you have chosen one major subject because you find it interesting and worth exploring further. The choice was yours. You also have the goal of getting a degree . The degree and the stages you have to pass through to achieve it give you motivation, even though it may become weak from time to time, and not all parts of the course will be exciting; a sure way to lose interest is to do too little work. It is a law of diminishing returns - the less work you do, the less interest you will have and the more bored you will become. So, regular work is needed to keep up your interest as well as to keep pace with new work.</span>
<span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">Another change is in the relationship with teachers. This may well have changed during middle school and high school, but now the whole context is different. You are no longer forced to slay in school all day, and apart from your class time, you organize your own time and place for studying. You are there to study (an active process) rather than to be taught (passive). Your teachers may or may not urge you, but they do want you to share their interest in the subject and they want you to succeed.</span>
<span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">Some activities, like discussing and reading, are basic to studying. Make sure that you are doing these efficiently.</span>
<span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">Group discussions give you a chance to train yourself to speak and discuss more effectively.</span>
<span style="text-decoration:underline;"><span style="font-family: 宋体;font-size: 14px">They</span></span><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">will fail in their purpose if you keep silent<span style="font-family:宋体">—</span><span style="font-family:calibri">and if you start off this way, the harder it will become to get out of the situation of being the non-speaking member of the group. In the future you are almost certainly going to have to be good at speaking, so get into the way of talking about your subject now. This is actually more fun than sitting being silently miserable because you are not saving anything. Nobody will think what you say is foolish. Everyone will be thankful not to face awkward silence.</span></span>
<span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">55. When does a person start to study professionally?</span>
<span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">A<span style="font-family:宋体">)</span><span style="font-family:calibri">The time when he starts a profession.</span></span>
<span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">B<span style="font-family:宋体">)</span><span style="font-family:calibri">The time when he goes to university.</span></span>
<span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">C<span style="font-family:宋体">)</span><span style="font-family:calibri">The time when he knows how to study.</span></span>
<span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">D<span style="font-family:宋体">)</span><span style="font-family:calibri">The time when he goes to high school.</span></span>
<span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">56. Which of the following is not unique to university?</span>
<span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">A<span style="font-family:宋体">)</span><span style="font-family:calibri">Students have to choose one major subject.</span></span>
<span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">B<span style="font-family:宋体">)</span><span style="font-family:calibri">The goal of study is to get a degree.</span></span>
<span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">C<span style="font-family:宋体">)</span><span style="font-family:calibri">Students need to work hard.</span></span>
<span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">D<span style="font-family:宋体">)</span><span style="font-family:calibri">Students organize their own time for studying.</span></span>
<span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">57. University teachers<span style="font-family:宋体">()</span><span style="font-family:calibri">.</span></span>
<span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">A<span style="font-family:宋体">)</span><span style="font-family:calibri">don</span></span><span style=";font-family:calibri;font-size:14px">’</span><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">t care about students</span><span style=";font-family:calibri;font-size:14px">’</span><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">performance</span>
<span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">B<span style="font-family:宋体">)</span><span style="font-family:calibri">hope students can share their interest in</span></span>
<span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">C<span style="font-family:宋体">)</span><span style="font-family:calibri">force students to stay in school all day</span></span>
<span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">D<span style="font-family:宋体">)</span><span style="font-family:calibri">know nothing about their students</span></span>
<span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">58.Who does the underlined word</span><span style=";font-family:calibri;font-size:14px">”</span><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">they</span><span style=";font-family:calibri;font-size:14px">”</span><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">refer to<span style="font-family:宋体">?</span></span>
<span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">A<span style="font-family:宋体">)</span><span style="font-family:calibri">University teachers.</span></span>
<span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">B<span style="font-family:宋体">)</span><span style="font-family:calibri">Group discussions.</span></span>
<span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">C<span style="font-family:宋体">)</span><span style="font-family:calibri">University students.</span></span>
<span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">D<span style="font-family:宋体">)</span><span style="font-family:calibri">The topics of discussions.</span></span>
Mark Twain once observed that giving up smoking is easy. He knew, because he'd done it hundreds of times himself. Giving up for ever is a trifle more difficult, apparently, and it is well known that it is much more difficult for some people than for others. Why is this so?
Few doctors believe any longer that it is simply a question of will power. And for those people that continue to view addicts as merely "weak", recent genetic research may force a rethink. A study conducted by Jacqueline Vink, of the Free University of Amsterdam, used a database called the Netherlands Twin Register to analyze the smoking habits of twins. Her results, published in the Pharmacogenomics Journal, suggest that an individual's degree of nicotine dependence, and even the number of cigarettes he smokes per day, are strongly genetically influenced.
The Netherlands Twin Register is a voluntary database that contains details of some 7,000 pairs of adult twins (aged between 15 and 70) and 28,000 pairs of childhood twins. Such databases are prized by geneticists because they allow the comparison of identical twins (who share all their genes) with fraternal twins (who share half). In this case, however, Dr. Vink did not make use of that fact. For her, the database was merely a convenient repository of information. Instead of comparing identical and fraternal twins, she concentrated on the adult fraternal twins, most of whom had completed questionnaires about their habits, including smoking, and 536 of whom had given DNA samples to the register.
The human genome is huge. It consists of billions of DNA "letters", some of which can be strung together to make sense (the genes) but many of which have either no function, or an unknown function, To follow what is going on, geneticists rely on markers they have identified within the genome. These are places where the genetic letters may vary between individuals. If a particular variant is routinely associated with a particular physical feature or a behavior. pattern, it suggests that a particular version of a nearby gene is influencing that feature or behavior.
Dr. Vink found four markers which seemed to be associated with smoking. They were on chromosomes 3, 6, 10 and 14, suggesting that at least four genes are involved. Dr. Vink hopes that finding genes responsible for nicotine dependence will make it possible to identify the causes of such dependence. That will help to classify smokers better (some are social smokers while others are physically addicted) and thus enable "quitting" programs to be customized.
Results such as Dr. Vink's must be interpreted with care. Association studies, as such projects are known, have a disturbing habit of disappearing, as it were, in a puff of smoke when someone tries to replicate them. But if Dr. Vink really has exposed a genetic link with addiction, then Mark Twain's problem may eventually become a thing of the past.
Mark Twain is mentioned in the passage in order to show that
A.he is a man with very Strong will power.
B.it is easy to give up smoking temporarily.
C.famous writers are often heavy smokers.
D.only few people have his determination.