The eighteenth century is an age of_____as a whole.

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• In the eighteenth century the heading of “natural philosophy” encompassed all of the sciences.

  A . category B . teachings C . ideology D . leaders

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• The dominant literary genre of the 17th-century British literature is _______.

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• The English Renaissance is dating from the late  ____  to the early century?

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• The fantasy story is supposed to have taken place in ____ in the early century.

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• The main channel of 21st Century Cup is through online contests.

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• The English Renaissance is dating from the late ____ to the early century?

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• The 18th century is also called \the Age of _____\.

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• What is the most significant new childcare arrangement of this century?

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• One of the best _________of the 20th century is the mobile phone.

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• Living at the turn of the century, ____ is often regarded as a transitional writer.

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• In the 18th century English literature ， the representative writer of neo-classicism is ____ .

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• The major trend in American literature in the seventies and eighties of the 19th century is（）

  A．romanticism B．realism C．sentimentalism D．naturalism

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• In eighteenth-century colonial America, flowers and fruit were typically the province of the

  botanical artist interested in scientific illustration rather than being the subjects of fine art. Early in the nineteenth century, however, the Peale family of Philadelphia established the still life, a pictureconsisting mainly of inanimate (5) objects, as a valuable part of the artist's repertoire. The fruit paintings by James and Sarah Miriam Peale are simple arrangements of a few objects, handsomely colored, small in size, and representing little more than what they are. In contrast were the highly symbolic, complex compositions by Charles Bird King, with their biting satire and critical social commentary. Each of these strains comminuted into and (10)well past mid-century. John F. Francis (1808-86) was a part of the Pennsylvania still-life tradition that arose, at least in part, from the work of the Peales. Most of his still lifes date from around 1850 to 1875. Luncheon Still Life looks like one of the Peales' pieces on a larger scale, kits greater complexity resulting from the number of objects. It is also (15)indebted to the luncheon type of still life found in seventeenth-century Dutch painting. The opened bottles of wine and the glasses of wine partially consumed suggest a number of unseen guests. The appeal of the fruit and nuts to our sense of taste is heightened by the juicy orange, which has already been sliced. The arrangement is additive, that is, made up of many different parts, not always (20)compositionally integrated, with all objects of essentially equal importance. About 1848, Severin Roesen came to the United States from Germany and settled in New York City, where he began to paint large, lush still lifes of flowers, fruit, or both, often measuring over four feet across. Still Life with Fruit and Champagne is typical in its brilliance of color, meticulous rendering of detail, (25)compact composition, and unabashed abundance. Rich in symbolic overtones, the beautifully painted objects carry additional meanings ...... butterflies or fallen buds suggest the impermanence of life, a bird's nest with eggs means fertility, and so on. Above all, Roesen's art expresses the abundance that America symbolized to many of its citizens. What does the passage mainly discuss？ A．The artwork of James and Sarah Miriam Peale B．How Philadelphia became a center for art in the nineteenth century C．Nineteenth-century still-life paintings in the United States D．How botanical art inspired the first still-life paintings

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• There is hope for the 21st century, if______.

  A．women can overcome men entirely B．women can control the world absolutely C．women can truly respond in a more reasoned way to the pull of power D．women can shoulder the fate of human beings

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• The eighteenth century was the golden age of the English（）, which spoke the truth about life with an uncompromising courage.

  A、drama B、poetry C、essay D、novel

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• which is the starting and ending year of the 18th century english literature

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• The seat of France's North American holdings in the eighteenth century was Quebec, and the French heritage ______ dominant there.

  A．to remain B．remaining C．by remaining D．has remained

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• American poetry of the eighteenth century has an imitative character, imitating the reigning English models of the eighteen century. （)

  是 否

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• The passage suggests that, in eighteenth - century Japan, the office of tax collector ______.

  A．remained within families B．took up most of the officeholder's time C．was regarded with derision by many Japanese D．was a source of personal profit to the officeholder

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• Historians have only recently begun to note the increase in demand for luxury goods and service that took place in eighteenth century England. McKendrick has explored the Wedgwood firm's remarkable success in marketing luxury pottery; Plumb has written about the proliferations of provincial theaters, musical festivals, and children's toys and books. While the fact of this consumer revolution is hardly in doubt, three key questions remain: Who were the consumers？ What were their motives？ And what were the effects of the new demand for luxuries？

  An answer to the flint of these has been difficult to obtain. Although it has been possible to infer from the goods and services actually produced what manufacturers and servicing trades thought their customers wanted, only a study of relevant personal documents written by actual consumers will provide a precise picture of who wanted what. We still need to know how large this consumer market was and how far clown the social scale the consumer demand for luxury goods penetrated. With regard to this last question, we might note in passing that Thompson, while rightly restoring laboring people to the stage of eighteenth century. English history, has probably exaggerated the opposition of these people to the inroads of capitalist consumerism in general: for example, laboring people in eighteenth century England readily shifted from home-brewed beer to standardized beer produced by huge, heavily capitalized urban breweries. To answer the question of why consumers became so eager to buy, some historians have pointed to the ability of manufacturers to advertise in a relatively uncensored press. This, however, hardly seems a sufficient answer. McKendrick favors a Veblen model of conspicuous consumptions stimulated by competition for status. The "middling sort" bought goods and services because they wanted to follow fashions set by the rich. Again, we may wonder whether this explanation is sufficient. Do not people enjoy buying things as a form. of self-gratification？ If so, consumerism could be seen as a product of the rise of new concepts of individualism and materialism, but not necessarily of the frenzy for conspicuous competition. Finally, what were the consequences of this consumer demand for luxuries？ McKendrick claims that it goes a long way toward explaining the coming of the Industrial Revolution. But does it？ What for example does the production of high-quality pottery and toys have to do with the development of iron manufacture or textile mills？ It is perfectly possible to have the psychology and reality of a consumer society without a heavy industrial sector. That future exploration of these key questions is undoubtedly necessary should not, however, diminish the force of the conclusion of re cent studies: the insatiable demand in eighteenth century England for frivolous as well as useful goods and services foreshadows our own world. In the first paragraph, the author mentions McKendrick and Plumb most probably in order to _______. A．contrast their views on the subject of luxury consumerism in eighteenth century England B．indicate the inadequacy of historiographical approaches to eighteenth century English history C．give examples of historians who have helped to establish the fact of growing consumerism in eighteenth century England D．support the contention that key questions about eighteenth century consumerism remain to be answered

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• In the eighteenth century, cities became larger and larger. People moved from the countryside and small towns to the cities because there were more for them to do in the cities.

  On Sundays and holidays, they liked to leave the cities and have a good time in the countryside. But not every family had a horse and wagon. People wanted and needed another form. of transportation. Inventors in many countries fried to meet this need. The first bicycle, which was very simple, appeared in 1790. People called it "the horse on wheels" .Then in 1861, with many improvements, bicycles became a practical form. of transportation. People liked hikes because they weren't as expensive as horses. They didn't need to build a special house to keep them in, and they didn't have to feed them. They could ride them in the city and in the countryside. Everybody in the family could ride—men and women, girls and boys. The main idea of this passage is ______. A．the bicycle has become a practical form. of transportation B．transportation has changed through time C．travelling in the countryside is difficult D．bicycle travel is easy in the city

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• Built in seventeenth century, the ruined temple is tucked ______ in the pine-covered mountains.

  A．in B．away C．off D．on

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• Which writer of the following is called "Shakespeare of Britain in 20 century"？

  A．Charles Dickens. B．William Butler Yeats. C．Herbert George Wells. D．George Bernard Shaw.

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• hat is characteristic of work in the 21st century？

  A．Computers will do more complicated work． B．More will be taken by the educated young． C．Most jobs to be done will be the creative ones． D．Skills are highly valued regardless of ag E．

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