血浆（blood plasma）

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• cell plasma (细胞质)

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• Blood-air barrier

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• 血液凝固（blood coagulation）

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• 血型（blood group）

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• 血/气分配系数（blood/gas partition coefficient）

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• 稳态血药浓度（steady – state plasma-concentration，Css）

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• 浆细胞(plasma cell or antibody forming cell)

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• 气体在约几百万度的极高温或在其它粒子强烈碰撞下所呈现出高度电离的物态被称作等离子态（plasma），这时电子从原子中游离出来而成为自由电子气体。等离子体又称（ ）。

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• Blood is a fluid consisting of plasma which accounts for less than 1%.

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• high blood pressure 译成:

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• Blood Is Thicker Than Water

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• 成分输血component blood transfusion 名词解释

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• 血液净化疗法blood purifcation 名词解释

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• 听力原文：The new rules call for blood centres to develop more ways to make sure the country's blood supply.

  According to the speaker, A．there are more ways to ensure blood supply. B．more ways should be developed. C．new rules should be developed. D．more blood supply should be called for.

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• blood-brain barrier

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• Health risks reduced by intensive control of blood glucose and blood pressure: （） stroke and

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• Just as Roman gladiators drank the blood of foes to gain strength, modem Olympians have infused the blood of their own to gain endurance. Blood doping, which tainted the triumphs of some Olympians, has at last been banned.

  Blood doping, in short, means withdrawal of one unit of a little more of blood from an athlete's system about four to six weeks before a competition. The blood is then stored in a frozen state while the body replenished the lost blood through natural processes. The extracted blood is unfrozen and then pumped back into the athlete's system just before the competition. This increases the body's hemoglobin count, hereby increasing the capacity for oxygen delivery and raising the level of endurance. A recent colloquium on the ethics of blood doping, summarized in The Physician and Sports Medicine, cited eases of runners getting blood transfusions so they could run fast enough to qualify for Boston Marathon and of blood doping in dog and horse racing. Blood doping may be surprisingly common among world-class endurance athletes, especially cyclists and runners. Blood doping is cheating and it is now banned by the International Olympic Committee, but it is still impossible to test, and till sure checks are found, one can only count on the personal ethics of the sportspersons concerned. Does blood doping really work？ Buick et al. and Williams et al. have made some studies in the laboratory. In one study, 11 highly trained male track athletes underwent extensive treadmill testing before and alter phlebotomy with re-infusion of 900mi of antilogous freeze-preserved red cells. The blood doping increased the mean hemoglobin concentration 8% (from 15.1% to 16.3% gnm/100ml) , maximal oxygen consumption 5% , and running time to exhaustion 35%. In another study, 12 experienced male distance runners who received 920ml of antilogous blood had a mean 7% increase in hemoglobin concentration and a mean 45-second improvement in time on a 5-mile treadmill run, compared with results after they received 920m1 saline. In the third study, 9 male college students who received two units antilogous blood had a significant increase in hemoglobin concentration and maximal oxygen consumption on a cycle ergo-meter. It is reasonable to conclude that blood doping does work when properly performed in the laboratory. But does it work in the field？ The problem in determining if blood doping works in the field is that almost all the reports are anecdotal. Whether it works or not, blood doping as it was done for the U.S. Olympic cyclists is to be condemned. Three of the cyclists developed flu-like symptoms 36 hours after transfusion, and one of them, when asked about blood doping, said, "Yeah, I did it. I got sick and it ruined me for the Olympics." To be sure, some of the cyclists who blood-doped won medals, but so did some who refused blood doping. Likewise, not all Olympians who admitted to blood doping were medal winners: an Italian runner who blood-doped for the marathon said he ran poorly and the national cross-country team alleged to have blood-doped ran poorly. In short, one cannot tell from anecdotal reports whether or not blood doping works in the field. Which of the following statements best expresses the main idea of the passage？ A．Blood doping does afford athletes a competitive advantage though it is not quite safe. B．Blood doping works in the laboratory, but there is no evidence to show it works in the field. C．Blood doping is becoming increasingly common in the world of sports. D．Athletes who Blood-dope for endurance can perform. better than others.

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• 听力原文：Donating blood plasma has always been a noble pursuit to help those in need. Since last September, there has been an upsurge in blood donations, as the need has become more emphasized and more empathized. But if you've had a tattoo or piercing within the last year, you will more than likely be turned away from any blood bank.

  When you go to a blood bank to give plasma, they ask you a series of questions to determine if you are eligible to donate. Obviously, they don't want to risk accepting contaminated blood, so they will ask about your sexual history, current health status and other related questions, including whether or not you have gotten a tattoo or piercing within the last 12 months. All blood that is donated is screened for disease such as HIV, Hepatitis, Syphilis and other common blood- born ailments. However, it goes without saying that it is a waste of the blood bank's and the donor's time to harvest blood that is tainted and thus worthless. So, in order to avoid wasted time, they ask these questions to screen the potential donor. And although even I would be quick to say that tattooing and piercing are much safer than some medical professionals like to indicate, there is still always a chance of getting and carrying a disease unknowingly from a tattoo or piercing, especially Hepatitis. That has been the object of many heated arguments and stringent regulations. If you should happen to contract a disease from a tattoo or piercing, it should show up in a screening after 12 months, which is the reason for the waiting period. Yes, maybe it's a little over-precautious, but would you want to be the one on the receiving end of dirty blood？ If there, is even a chance, it is better to be safe than sorry. (37) A．Swim in public pools. B．Give blood. C．Over exert yourself. D．Expose your skin to the sun.

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• Snakes are____blooded animals while cats are_____blooded ones

  A．warm; cold B．coldly; hot C．hot; warm D．cold; warm

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• Which of the following conditions is most likely to produce an elevated plasma potassium?

  A、 Hypoparathyroidism B、 Cushing’s syndrome C、 Diarrhea D、 Digitalis overdose

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• You have been badly injured in a car accident. It is necessary to give you a blood transfusion because you lost a great deal of blood in the accident. However, special care must be taken in selecting new blood for you. If the blood is too different from your own, the transfusion could kill you. There are four basic types of blood: A, B, AB, and O. A simple test can indicate a person's blood type, which, like hair color and height, is inherited from parents. Because of substances contained in each type, the four groups must be transfused carefully. Basically, A and B cannot be mixed. A and B cannot receive AB, but AB may receive A or B. O can give to any other group; hence, it is often called the universal donor. For the opposite reason, AB is sometimes called the universal recipient. However, because so many reactions can occur in transfusions, patients usually receive only salt or plasma (liquid) until their

  1、A good title for this passage is ________. A、Getting Blood and Plasma B、Special Blood Types C、Human Blood Types D、The Blood Bank of a Hospital 2、The word "hence" in line 10 means _________ A、always B、 often C、 therefore D、 seldom 3、In a blood transfusion, it is easiest to find the acceptable type of blood for a person with the blood type of ________ A、A B、 B C、 AB D、 O 4、The purpose of using salt and plasma before a blood transfusion is to allow time ______. A、to test the reactions to the transfusion B、for matching the blood to be transfused with the patient's blood C、 for the blood to be delivered from the blood bank D、 to select a new type of blood for the patient 5、Most Europeans have blood type _________ A、A B、B C、O D、A or O

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• The pH value of arterial blood depends mainly on plasma（）

  A．HPO42- / H2PO4- B．HCO3- C．Pr- / HPr D．H2CO3 E．HCO3- / H2CO3

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• Which is the best explanation of the relationship between lymph, blood plasma, and interstitial fluid？

  A．Blood plasma leaves blood vessels and becomes lymph surrounding cells． Cells can take in what they need and excrete wastes into this flui D．Then the extra lymph enters lymphatic vessels and is called interstitial fluid and is returned to the blooD B．Lymph leaves blood vessels and because blood plasma surrounding cells． Cells can take in what they need and excrete wastes into this flui D．Then the extra blood plasma enters lymphatic vessels and is called interstitial fluid and is returned to the blooD C．Interstitial fluid leaves blood vessels and becomes lymph surrounding cells．Cells can take in what they need and excrete wastes into this flui D．Then the extra lymph enters lymphatic vessels and is called blood plasma and is returned to the bloo D．Blood plasma leaves blood vessels and becomes interstitial flui D．Cells can take in what they need and excrete wastes into this flui D．Then the extra interstitial fluid enters lymphatic vessels and is called lymph and is returned to the bloo D．

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