社会效益（social effect）

Organizational socialization is the process by which new employees are transformed into effective members of the company and involves three phases: anticipatory socialization, encounter, and settling in.

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根据迈克尔▪波特的观点，面对社会问题（social problems），仅靠政府和NGO无法有效开展的根本原因是：

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霍兰德认为在美国的文化中，大多数的人可以归纳为六种类型：实际型（realistic type）、研究型（investigative type）、艺术型（artistic type）、社会型（social type）、企业型（enterprising type）和传统型（conventional type）。

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PEST为一种企业所处宏观环境分析模型，所谓PEST，即Political（政治），Economic（经济）,Social（社会）andTechnological（科技)。这些是企业的外部环境，一般不受企业掌握。请选择一跨国企业（例如：三星公司，耐克公司），并用PEST分析方法对其在中国的发展外部环境进行论述。（15.0分）

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霍兰德代码社会型S(Social) ,典型职业是

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PEST分析是指（）的分析，是通过政治(Political System)、经济(Economic)、社会(Social)、技术(Technological)四个因素来进行分析企业集团所面临的状况。

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82 According to the two British researchers, the social and psychological effect are mostly likely to be seen on _________

A: TALKERS B; the "speakeasy" C. the “spacemaker” D. texters

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美国《社会工作百科全书》中对社会工作督导（supervision in social work)的定义里特别强调，为了督导功能的发挥，督导者与被督导者之间要建立（)关系。

A．A.消极的朋友 B．B.积极的工作 C．C.积极的朋友 D．D.积极的上下级

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SOCIAL WORKERS Social workers help people overcome problems and make their lives better.If people are homeless, sick, or having family problems, social workers will work with them.If students have trouble in school, social workers help them too.

Social workers help these people in different ways.One way is to find resources for people.They find out what kinds of help people need.Then, they set up programs to meet the needs of the individual12.They may focus on child abuse, poverty, violence, and other problems.For someone with family difficulties, social workers may find a parenting class or a support group.For a homeless person, they may find a place for them to live and a career training program.For a student, they may find a mentor or a learning disability expert. Many social workers give counseling.They talk to people about their lives and help them understand and solve their problems and to make plans. Most social workers spend the day in an office.Some travel to the people they help.Sometimes, they meet with people in the evening or on weekends.Social workers can be very busy when they are helping many people at once. 1.According to the text, what is not social workers'job？ A.to help people with family problems B.to make people's lives better C.to do the housework for people 2.For someone with family problems, social workers will() A.find them a place to live B.find them a career training program C.find them a parenting class 3.Social workers build()to provide the help for people in need. A.problems B.days C.resources 4.Which of the following sentence is not true？ A.Social workers give some advice to people. B.Most social workers think of their job as boring. C.Social workers may help many people at a time. 5.The main point of this passage is about. A.How busy social workers are B.How social workers do their job C.How tired social workers are"

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“社会保障”（social security)一词最早出自美国1935年颁布的《社会保障法》。（)

是否

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Every time you try to answer a question that asks why, you engage in the process of causal analysis--you attempt to determine a cause or series of causes for a particular effect. When you try to answer a question that what if, you attempt to determine what effect will result from a particular cause. You will have frequent opportunity to use cause- and-effect analysis in the writing that you will do in college. For example, in history you might be asked to determine the causes of the Seven Day War between Egypt and Israel. In political science you might be asked to determine the reasons why Ronald Reagan won the 1984 Presidential election. And in sociology you might be asked to predict the effect that changes in Social Security legislation would have on senior citizens.

22. Determining causes and effects is usually thought-provoking and quite complex. One reason for this is that there are two types of causes: immediate causes, which are readily apparent because they are closest to the effect, and ultimate cause, which, being somewhat removed, are not so apparent and perhaps even hidden. Furthermore, ultimate causes may bring about effects which themselves become immediate causes, this creating a causal chain. For example, consider the following causal chain. Sally, a computer salesperson, prepared extensively for a meeting with an important client (ultimate cause), impressed the client (immediate cause), and made a very large sale (effect). The chain did not stop there: The large sale cause her to be promoted by her employer (effect). A second reason why causal analysis can be so complex is that an effect may have any number of possible or actual causes, and a cause may have any number of possible or actual effects. 23. An upset stomach may be caused by eating spoiled food, but it may also be caused by overeating, flu, allergy, nervousness, pregnancy, or any combination of factors. Similarly, the high cost of electricity may have multiple effects: higher profits for utility companies, fewer sales of electrical appliances, higher prices for other products, and the development of alternative sources of energy. Sound reasoning and logic are central to any causal analysis. Writers of believable causal analysis examine their material objectively and develop their essays carefully. They are convinced by their own examination of the material, but are not afraid to admit other possible causes and effects. Because people are accustomed to thinking of causes with their effects, they sometimes commit an error in logic known as the "after this, therefore because of this" fallacy. 24. This fallacy leads people to believe that because one event occurred after another event, the first event somehow caused the second. That is, they sometimes make causal connection that are not proved. For example, if students began to perform. better after a free breakfast program was instituted at their school, one could not assume that the improvement was caused by the breakfast program. There could of course be any number of other causes for this effect, and a responsible writer on the subject would analyze and consider them all before suggesting the cause. (21)

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18、这本书讨论了那个时期的社会、经济和政治问题。 This book deals with the social, ________ and political issues of the period.

A．economy B．economical C．economicy D．economic

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社会效益（social effect）

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