Before considering this question it is interesting to review briefly the evolution of 【M1】______

the mind as the instrument. The commonest way that has been used to find out the relative intellectual level of creatures at different stage of evolutionary complexity has 【M2】______ been to study the way they behave when giving different kinds of puzzles. For example, 【M3】______ an ant possesses a complex routine of behaviour, but can it think? The answer is what 【M4】______ if an ant is forced to go through a maze of passages, many of which are dead ends, on its way to its nestle, it starts by making a lot of mistakes and taking a great many 【M5】______ wrong turnings. In the end, however, after it has to worry its way through often 【M6】______ enough, it does learn to get to its nest without going into any of the blind alleys. As one moves up the evolutionary scale the test of mind-power exemplified by solving 【M7】______ the problem of getting through a maze becomes very simple. Among mammals, 【M8】______ for example, the maze is an inadequate test. The learning problem does not tax enough attributes of the mind. In this sort of learning, as a matter of fact, rats can hit university undergraduates and have, in fact, repeatedly done so. The next, more subtle test of 【M9】______ mental ability is to see what level an animal can think about something when 【M10】______ it is not there. 【M1】

时间:2023-09-30 09:20:28

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