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The brain’s neurological specialization for language is called linguistic I （）， which is specific to human beings.
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If life is about survival of a species — and intelligence is meant to serve that survival — then we can’t compare with pea-brained sea turtles, ______ were here long before us and survived the disaster that wiped out the dinosaurs.
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In the brain, there is a region involved in memory forming, organizing, and storing, which is called the _______ because it has a shape of a seahorse.
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What is the process called in which the brain organizes and interprets visual information?
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Within the skull, the brain is covered by three layer of tissue called the _____.
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The item for the bony part of the head enclosing the brain is___.
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There knifend fork on the tble.seems to be B．seem to beC．is seeming to beD．reThere\ knifend fork on the tble.seems to be B．seem to be C．is seeming to be D．re
A．seems to be
B．seem to be
C．is seeming to be
D．are
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A study reveals that the brain areas that respond when fear is learned through personal experience are al-so triggered when we see someone else in distress.
In the study, participants watched a short video of a person conditioned to fear a so-called neutral stimulus-something people normally wouldn't fear--paired with something they find naturally aversive (令人讨厌的), in this case an electrical shock. The person in the video watched colored squares on a computer screen: When a blue square appeared, the person received a mild shock; when a yellow square appeared, there was no shock. The participant in the video responded with distress when the blue square appeared—he would blink hard, tense his cheek muscles and move his hand. "So it's clear that he's uncomfortable, he's in distress," said study team member Andreas Olsson of Columbia University. "And he's already in distress before he receives the shock, you see him anticipate receiving the shock." By contrast the participant in the video appeared relaxed when the yellow square popped up,
Participants were told they would take part in a similar experiment, and when presented with the blue square, they responded with fear, anticipating a shock, though they were never actually shocked. "Just by watching, they learn themselves," Olsson explained.
This second learning was reflected in the brain. In previous classical conditioning experiments where a fear is learned firsthand, a part of the brain called the amygdala (扁桃核) has been shown to be critical to the development and expression of fears. The scientists monitored the brain activity of each participant during the experiment. Imaging showed that the amygdala responded both when the subjects watched the video of someone else receiving shocks and when they were presented with the blue squares themselves.
"We found that the amygdala is involved both when you're watching somebody receiving shocks, and when you're expecting to receive shocks later on yourself," Olsson said. So it seems that similar processes in the brain are triggered both when fears are experienced first-hand and when they are observed in others.
In the real world, the finding could explain why some people are afraid of things despite little contact with them. "You learn by observing other people's emotional expressions, and what we are showing is that that can be as effective as having those direct experiences yourself," Olsson said. "That's probably one of the reasons why a lot people are having phobias (恐怖症) of certain kinds of stimuli, such as snakes and spiders."
What's people's response to a neutral stimulus？
A．Normally they are not scared by it.
B．Usually they are seriously scared by it.
C．They feel ridiculous when seeing it.
D．They often feel uncomfortable at it.
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If you want stay young, sit down and have a good think. This is the research finding of a team of Japanese doctors, who say that most our brains are not getting enough exercises—and as a result, we are ageing unnecessarily soon.
Professor Taiju Matsuzawa wanted to find out why otherwise healthy farmers in northern Japan appeared to be losing their ability to think and reason at a relatively early age, and how the process of ageing could be slowed down.
With a team a colleague (同事) at Tokyo National University, he set about measuring brain volumes of a thousand people of different ages and varying occupations.
" Computer technology enabled the researchers to obtain precise (精确的) measurements of the volume of the front and side sections of the brain, which relate to intellect (智能) and emotion, and determine the human character. " The rear section of the brain, which controls functions like eating and breathing, does not contract with age, and one can continue living without intellectual or emotional facilities.
Contraction of front and side parts—as cells die off—was observed in some subjects in their thirties, but it was still not evident in some sixty- and seventy-year-olds.
Matsuzawa concluded from his tests that there is a simple remedy to the contraction normally associated with age—using the head.
The findings show in general terms that contraction of the brain begins sooner in people in the country than in the towns. Those least at risk, says Matsuzawa, are lawyers, followed by university professors and doctors. White collar workers doing routine work in government offices are, however, as likely to have shrinking brains as the farm workers, bus drivers and shop assistants.
Matsuzawa's findings show that thinking can prevent the brain from shrinking. Blood must circulate properly in the head to supply the fresh oxygen the brain cells need. "The best way to maintain good blood circulation is through using the brain, " he says, "Think hard and engage in conversation. Don't rely on pocket calculators.
The team of doctors wanted to find out______.
A．how to make people live longer
B．the size of certain people's brains
C．which people are most intelligent
D．why certain people age sooner than others
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Which endocrine gland is not found inside the brain？
A．Hypothalamus
B．Pituitary gland
C．Adrenal glan
D．Pineal gland
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On the surface, many marriages seem to break up because of a “third party.” This is, however, a psychological illusion. The other woman or the other man merely serves as a pretext for dissolving a marriage that had already lost its essential integrity.
从表面上看，许多婚姻似乎是因为有了“第三者”才破裂的。然而这只是一种心理幻觉。那个女人，或者那个男人，实际上掩盖了一个已经失却真正意义的婚姻的解体。
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Fermi problem is to develop the talent of breaking a seemingly unanswerable problem into sub-problems and finding the solution to it, which is a typical Fermi problem.
A．Right
B．Wrong
C．Not mentioned
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听力原文： We know that, for the most part, the bigger a man's muscles are, the stronger he is. (18[C])Can it be claimed, then, that the larger the brain a man possesses, the smarter he is？ The answer is no.
There are only two animals that have larger brains than man, the whale and the elephant. Yet, in proportion to his size, man's brain is larger. (19[C])Man's usually weighs about three pounds or a little more, and this is about one-fortieth of the weight of his whole body. The whale's body, on the other hand, is a thousand times heavier than its brain, while the elephant's body is about five hundred times as heavy.
But a man who has a large brain is not necessarily more intelligent than one whose brain is smaller. We know that geniuses have existed who have had very large brains, but there have been others whose brains were rather small. Idiots have been known to have very large brains.
(20[D])We do not understand precisely why some people are more intelligent than others. Whether our brains are relatively large or small is less important than that we try to do our very best.
This article is mainly about ______.
A．the weight of a whale's brain
B．the brains of geniuses
C．the size of a person's brain and his intelligence
D．the intelligence of the elephant
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There is a woman at the counter who seems very angry and I think she means ____ trouble
A.make
B.to make
C.having made
D.to have made
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英译汉:To him, I am a tedious oddity: a father he is obliged to listen to and a man absorbed in the rules of grammar, which my son seems allergic to.
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It is the left side of the brain that strongly influence a person's ability to use words, to spell, and to remember.
A、 对一个人用词、拼写和记忆能力有重大影响的正是左半脑。
B、 左脑对于人来说至关重要，它关系到一个人的用词、拼写和记忆的能力。
C、 对一个人用词、拼写和记忆能力有重大影响的正是右半脑。
D、 右脑对于人来说至关重要，它关系到一个人的用词、拼写和记忆的能力。
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After a shaky start, the Martian flotilla that has arrived over the past few weeks is getting down to business. Two of the five craft in it seem to be working perfectly. Two are lost. And a fifth is sick, but undergoing treatment.
The most spectacular pictures so far have been provided by Mars Express, the European Space Agency's contribution to the fleet. On January 28th this reached its final working orbit (which takes it over both poles, and thus allows it to see the whole of Mars over the course of a few days as the planet revolves beneath it). It has, however, been sending back data since shortly after it arrived, and a few days ago its controllers released a series of beautiful photographs, including a stereo image of Valles Marineris, a huge canyon that may have been formed by flowing water.
The most scientifically significant result, though, has come from Opportunity, America's second Mars rover. One of Opportunity's cameras has photographed evidence of stratification in nearby rocks. Such stratification indicates that the rocks concerned are sedimentary. The layers could be repeated wind-blown deposits, or consist of ash from successive volcanic eruptions. But the terrestrial rocks they most resemble are ones that have formed under water.
The reason everyone is getting so excited is because there is a widespread assumption that any form. of life which might dwell on Mars would need liquid water to live—or, even if it could now subsist by extracting moisture from ice, would have needed liquid water to evolve to that stage. Mars has seen more probes launched towards it than all of the other planets put together precisely because of this hope that it might harbour life. So there is a lot riding on the answer—not least the funding of future missions.
Besides its scientific significance, the success of Opportunity has also helped to distract attention from the sudden refusal of Spirit, the first American rover to arrive on Mars, to talk to its controllers. This craft had tentatively, but successfully, nosed its way off its landing platform, and was about to drill its way into a nearby rock prior to doing a spot of chemical analysis, when it went silent.
However, the engineers at NASA, America's space agency, are nothing if not resourceful, and they have a good record of carrying out running repairs on spacecraft that are millions of kilometres away. In the case of Spirit, they think that one of the craft's memory chips has got cluttered up with files created on the journey to Mars. That caused another chip, which manages the first, to throw a wobbly and to keep rebooting the computer. They are currently testing this idea by loading a diagnostic program on to the computer. In addition, as a precaution, they have deleted excess files from the equivalent memory chip on Opportunity.
Spirit's spirits may thus revive. As to the failures, the Japanese abandoned their fly-by craft Nozomi in December, and the British team in charge of Beagle 2, which is presumed to have landed on December 25th but from which no signal has been received, also seems to have called it quits. Still, a 40460% success rate (depending on whether Spirit is brought back into commission) is not bad by the historical standards of missions to Mars. Now, the real science begins.
Mars Express is mentioned because______.
A．it has been sending data back to the Earth
B．it illustrates Europe's contribution to the project
C．it is the first craft to have ever landed on the Mars
D．it can help researchers see the whole of the Mars
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Mary is the kind of person who always seems to be on a hurry.（)
Mary is the kind of person who always seems to be on a hurry.()
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听力原文：There are two factors which determine an individual's intelligence. The first is the sort of brain he is born with. Human brains differ considerably, me being more capable than others. But no matter how good a brain he has to begin with an individual will have a low order of intelligence unless he has opportunities to learn. So the second factor is what happens to the individual — the sort of environment in which he is.
The importance of environment in determining an individual's intelligence can be demonstrated by the case history of the identical twins, Peter and Mark. Being identical, the twins had identical brains at birth, end their growth processes were the same. When the twins were three months old, their parents died, and they were placed in separate homes. Peter was reared by parents of low intelligence in an isolated community with poor educational opportunities.
Mark, on the other hand, was raised in the home of rich parents who had been to college. He was read to as a child, sent to a good school, and given every opportunity to be stimulated intellectually. This environmental difference continued until the twins were in their late teens, when they were given tests to measure their intelligence. Peter's score was 85, well below the level he might have attained if reared under average conditions. Mark' s score was 125, twenty-five points above the average and fully forty points higher than his identical brother. Given equal opportunities, the twins would have tested at roughly the same level.
(38)
A．Children reared under average conditions possess average intelligence.
B．Lack of opportunity prevents the growth of intelligence.
C．An individual's intelligence is determined chiefly by his environment.
D．Changes of environment produce changes in the brain structure.
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—You did an excellent job yesterday, Jim! I really enjoyed your presentation.—Oh yeah, it was fabulous. It seems the English program is a great way to practice English. —Yeah. It is fun and motivating.
A．Did you really？
B．Oh, thank you. You are so kind.
C．Really？ What about yours？
D．Not at all. My pleasure.
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______ is the name of a Cambridge-based company that is trying to create the kind of computer which might receive the contents of a brain.
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Among all the public holidays，National Day seems to be the most joyful to the people of the country； on that day the whole country is （） in a festival atmosphere．
A．trapped
B．sunk
C．soaked
D．immersed
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The amazing success of humans as a【1】is the result of the evolutionary development of our brains which has led, among other things, to tool-using, tool-making, the【2】to solve problems by logical reasoning, thoughtful cooperation, and language. One of the most striking ways in which chimpanzees biologically【3】humans【4】in structure of their brains. The chimpanzee, with the capacity for【5】reasoning,【6】a type of intelligence more like that of humans than【7】any other mammal living today. The brain of the modern chimpanzee is probably not too dissimilar【8】the brain that so many millions of years ago【9】the behavior. of the first ape man.
For a long time, the fact that prehistoric people made【10】was considered to be one of the major【11】distinguishing them from other creatures.【12】pointed out earlier, I have watched chimpanzees【13】grass stems in order to use them to probe for termites. It is true that the chimpanzee does not【14】tools to "a regular and set pattern" —but then,【15】people, before their development of stone tools, undoubtedly poked around【16】sticks, and straws, at which stage it seems【17】that they made tools to a set pattern either.
It is because of the close【18】in most people's minds of tools with humans【19】special attention has always been focused upon any animal able to use an object as a tool: but it is important to realize that this ability, on its own, does not necessarily indicate any special intelligence in the creature【20】
(1)
A．species
B．specie
C．speciman
D．specimen
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When people shake hands, three shakes seem to be about right, but a lingering handshake is necessary to indicate you are comfortable with the person.()
此题为判断题(对，错)。
