Photography was once an expensive, laborious ordeal reserved for life&39;s greatest milestones. Now, the only apparent cost to taking infinite photos of something as common as a meal is the space on your hard drive and your dining companion&39;s patience.
But is there another cost, a deeper cost, to documenting a life experience instead of simply enjoying it？ "You hear that you shouldn&39;t take all these photos and interrupt the experience, and it&39;s bad for you, and we&39;re not living in the present moment," says Kristin Diehl, associate professor of marketing at the University of Southern California Marshall School of Business.
Diehl and her fellow researchers wanted to find out if that was true, so they embarked on a series of nine experiments in the lab and in the field testing people&39;s enjoyment in the presence or absence of a camera. The results, published in the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, surprised them. Taking photos actually makes people enjoy what they&39;re doing more, not less.
"What we find is you actually look at the world slightly differently, because you&39;re looking for things you want to capture, that you may want to hang onto," Diehl explains. "That gets people more engaged in the experience, and they tend to enjoy it more."
Take sightseeing. In one experiment, nearly 200 participants boarded a double-decker bus for a tour of Philadelphia. Both bus tours forbade the use of cell phones but one tour provided digital cameras and encouraged people to take photos. The people who took photos enjoyed the experience significantly more, and said they were more engaged, than those who didn&39;t.
Snapping a photo directs attention, which heightens the pleasure you get from whatever you&39;re looking at, Diehl says. It works for things as boring as archaeological(考古的)museums, where people were given eye-tracking glasses and instructed either to take photos or not. "People look longer at things they want to photograph," Diehl says. They report liking the exhibits more, too.
To the relief of Instagrammers(Instagram用户)everywhere, it can even makes meals more enjoyable. When people were encouraged to take at least three photos while they ate lunch, they were more immersed in their meals than those who weren&39;t told to take photos.
Was it the satisfying click of the camera？ The physical act of the snap？ No, they found; just the act of planning to take a photo—and not actually taking it—had the same joy-boosting effect. "If you want to take mental photos, that works the same way," Diehl says. "Thinking about what you would want to photograph also gets you more engaged."
What does the author say about photo-taking in the past？
A.It was a painstaking effort for recording life’s major events.
B.It was a luxury that only a few wealthy people could enjoy.
C.It was a good way to preserve one’s precious images.
D.It was a skill that required lots of practice to master.
Kristin Diehl conducted a series of experiments on photo-taking to find out __________.A.what kind of pleasure it would actually bring to photo-takers
B.whether people enjoyed it when they did sightseeing
C.how it could help to enrich people’s life experiences
D.Whether it prevented people enjoying what they were doing
What do the results of Diehl’s experiments show that people taking photos？A.They are distracted from what they are doing.
B.They can better remember what they see or do.
C.They are more absorbed in what catches their eye.
D.They can have a better understanding of the world.
What is found about museum visitors with the aid of eye-tracking glasses？A.They come out with better photographs of the exhibits.
B.They focus more on the exhibits when taking pictures.
C.They have a better view of what are on display.
D.They follow the historical events more easily.
What do we learn from the last paragraph？A.It is better to make plans before taking photos.
B.Mental photos can be as beautiful as snapshots.
C.Photographers can derive great joy from the click of the camera.
D.Even the very thought of taking a photo can have a positive effect.
请帮忙给出每个问题的正确答案和分析，谢谢！
In the United States, a person can take credit onl...
In the United States, a person can take credit only for what he has accomplished by himself. Americans get no credit whatsoever for having been born into a rich or privileged family. (In the United States, that would be considered ―an accident of birth .) Americans pride themselves in having been born poor and, through their own hard work, having climbed the difficult ladder of success to whatever level they have achieved —all by themselves. The American social system has, of course, made it possible for Americans to move, relatively easily, up to the social ladder, whereas this is impossible to do in many other countries. The ―self -made man or woman is still very much the ideal in present-day America.
Americans believe that competition brings out the best in any individual. Consequently, the foreign visitor will see competition being fostered in the American home and in the American classroom, even at the youngest age levels. You may find the value placed on competition among individuals. But Americans teaching in Third World countries find the lack of competitiveness in a classroom situation equally distressing (令人苦恼的). They soon learn that what they had thought to be one of the universal human characteristics represented only a peculiarly American (or Western) value.
Americans, valuing competition, have devised an economic system to go with it – free enterprise (自由企业制). Americans feel very strongly that a highly competitive economy will bring out the best in its people and ultimately, that the society which fosters competition will progress most rapidly. If you look for it, you will see evidence in all areas – in all fields as diverse as medicine, the art, education, and sports – that free enterprise is the approach most often preferred in America.
What does the author mean by saying ―self -made man or woman is still very much the ideal in present-day America？
A.Americans no longer respect those who are born rich as they used to.
B.Americans still respect those who have climbed up the social ladderthrough hard work.
C.Americans think that an ideal man or woman should be born poor.
D.Americans think that only the self-made man or woman is worthy ofrespect.
What does the author think of the American social system？A.It is a system that does not favor those who are born rich.
B.It is a system that makes social climbing very difficult, if not impossible.
C.It makes it comparatively easy for the poor to move up the social ladder.
D.It is the best system possible in the world.
Americans teaching in Third World countries found that _____.A.competition is a unique American (or Western) value.
B.competition must be fostered in the classroom for success in business.
C.cooperation is more important than competition in bringing about progress.
D.competition is one of the universal human characteristics.
We can infer from the passage that free enterprise is _____.A.an economic system allowing free competition among business
B.a belief that competition brings out the best in any individual
C.an attitude that values competition rather than cooperation
D.a theory that advocates competition as the source of all progress
Americans would most likely frown at you if you _____.A.tell them you were born poor and had to work with your hands
B.go around telling people that your father is a self-made man
C.tell them that their social system is not necessarily the best
D.complain that you were born poor and had had no opportunities
