Darwin's great work, The Origin of Species, is now generally accepted as one of the most important books ever written. But when it first came out in 1859, it was both derided and bitterly condemned by scientists and laymen.

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• Scientists discovered that atoms of some substances are radioactive. This means that they are unstable and can be split. The chain of splitting atoms releases great destructive energy and it was this discovery which led scientists to develop the idea of an atomic bomb. The American government secretly worked to produce such a bomb and the first version was much more powerful than anyone had thought.

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• Man depends on water for many things. He needs it for drinking. He needs it for growing food. He needs it for keeping himself clean and free from illness. He needs more and more water for industry. People often forget how necessary water is for industry. Imagine, for example, the immense quantities of water used by the great cooling towers of steel works. The demand for water is growing every day. It is closely connected with the increasing population and with the pressing problem of providing enough food. But the world has not yet found ways of storing enough water to satisfy all these important needs, not even in west countries like England. Great efforts are being made today to store water, particularly in hot countries where the rainfall is small.

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• Now custom has not been commonly regarded as a subject of any great importance. The inner workings of our own brains we feel to be uniquely worthy of investigation, but custom, we have a way of thinking, is behavior. at its most commonplace. As a matter of fact, it is the other way around. Traditional custom, taken the world over, is a mass of detailed behavior. more astonishing than what any one person can ever evolve in individual actions. Yet that is a rather trivial aspect of the matte. The fact of first-rate importance is the predominant role that custom plays in experience and in belief and the very great varieties it may manifest.

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