If a child is deprived of linguistic environment， he or she is unlikely to learn a language successfully later on.

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• 英译中 Both language and culture are learned by children without special organized programs of instruction, but motivation to learn is very high since language is the most effective means for a child to obtain what he or she wants. If the learning of a new language begins before lower adolescence, one is likely to be able to speak such a language with complete naturalness, but if learned after upper adolescence some hangover of a mother-tongue feature is very likely to persist. But not only do languages exhibit such learning patterns, but so do cultural traits, for example, shaking hands, kissing, and embracing.

  Although many persons assume that languages exist in dictionaries and grammars, in fact they only exist in people's heads. But this is equally true of cultural traits, which indicate clearly a they only exist in people's heads. But this is equally true of cultural traits, which indicate clearly a person's value system when crucial decisions need to be made before there is any time to think about alternatives, for example, diving into a flooding stream to rescue a drowning child.

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• For American's high school seniors, April is the cruelest month. That's when colleges flood postal system with news of who has won a place in next fall's freshman class. For more than a few families, a difficult decision will follow: is it worth paying some $125,000 to give their child an education at an elite private college？ Or would her future be just as bright if she went to a less expensive school？

  These questions have no easy answers. It is tree that big law firms as well as those leading American establishments—Sullivan & Cromwell—a gilt-edged diploma is a distinct advantage. However, there is plenty of evidence to prove that an elite education is not that necessary. According to a survey by Fortune, the majority of top CEOs did not attend an elite college(though a small number did.) So what kind of return is there likely to be on that $125,000 investment？ On average, a person with an undergraduate degree now earns almost twice as much as someone with only a high school diploma. Some researchers found that those who attend more prestigious schools reported higher earnings. Then Alan Krueger, an economist at Princeton and Dale, a researcher designed a study. They found no economic advantage in attending a selective college. Their study looked at freshman class at 30 schools, ranging from Yale to Denison. Krueger and Dale's research while intriguing is not definitive. Even they themselves find it odd that the results seem to show that while there is a correlation between college selectivity and future income, the more a college costs, the higher the earning of its graduates. Critics have questioned their research—the limited number and range of schools evaluated, and conclusions. Under such circumstances, it is hard to say which is right and which is wrong. What can be said is that 1) An elite education gives students—especially less rich ones—better access to certain kinds of elite jobs. 2) There is no economic advantage to choosing an expensive, but not very good private schools. 3) Talented students everywhere rise to the top. So the future is in the hands of young men themselves. Why is April the cruelest month for American high school seniors？ A．Because April is the month when they have the college entrance examination. B．Because April is the time when the high school will decide whether they can graduate or not. C．Because April is the time for high school seniors to find jobs. D．Because April is the month for colleges to inform. the students who will have the chance to have further education.

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• Is language, like food, a basic human need without which a child at a critical period of life can be starved and damaged？ Judging from the drastic experiment of Frederick Ⅱ in the thirteenth century, it may be. Hop hag to discover what language a child would speak if he heard no mother tongue, he told the nurses to keep silent.

  All the infants died before the first year. But clearly there was more than lack of language here. What was missing was good mothering. Without good mothering, ill the first year of life especially, the capacity to survive is seriously affected. Today no such severe lack exists as that ordered by Frederick. Nevertheless, some children are still backward in speaking. Most often the reason for this is that the mother is insensitive to the signals of the in fact, whose brain is programmed to learn language rapidly. If these sensitive periods are neglected, the ideal time for acquiring skills passes and they might never be learned so easily again. A bird learns to sing and to fly rapidly at the right time, but the process is slow and hard once the critical stage has passed. Experts suggest that speech stages are reached in a fixed sequence and at a constant age, but there are cases where speech tins started late in a child who eventually turns out to be of high IQ. At twelve weeks a baby smiles and makes vowel-like sounds; at twelve months he can speak simple words and understand simple commands; at eighteen months he has a vocabulary of three to fifty words. At three he knows about 1000 words which he can put into sentences, and at four he knows iris language differs from that of his parents in style. rather than grammar. Recent evidence suggests that an infant is born with the capacity of speaking. What is special about man's brain, compared with that of the monkey, is the complex system which enables a child to connect the sight and feel of, say, a toy-bear with the sound pattern "toy-bear". And even more incredible is the young brain's ability to pick out an order in language from the mixture of sound around him, to analyze, to combine and recombine the parts of a language in new ways. But speech has to be induced, and this depends on interaction between the mother and the child, where the mother recognizes the signals in the child's babbling, grasping and smiling, and responds to them. Insensitivity of the mother to these signals dulls the interaction because the child gets discouraged and sends out on- ly the obvious signals. Sensitivity to the child's non-verbal signals is essential to the growth and development of language. The purpose of the Frederick Ⅱ's experiment was ______. A．to prove that children are bom with the ability to speak B．to discover what language a child would speak without hearing any human speech C．to find out what role careful nursing would play in teaching a child to speak D．to prove that a child would be damaged without learning a language

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